What is Lyophilization ?

We read of lyophilize vaccines and it is but natural that this question comes to our mind. Lyophilization or freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. e.g. Measles, BCG vaccine, antibiotics etc.

What is meant by waste disposal ?

During the course of teaching I found that students considered the collection of wastes in dustbins as disposal of waste. This is actually waste collection and not disposal. The steps involved in waste management is waste generation, collection, transportation and disposal. Waste disposal is the final treatment and disposal in waste management process. For more details click on the following link which tells how the waste disposal is defined by Basel Convention, European Union and OECD/Eurostat Joint questionnaire http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/definitions/disposal